Contact with chambers should be made through the Practice Management Team. They are happy to discuss client requirements and provide further information on such matters as the expertise and experience of individual members, fees, working practices and languages spoken. We have members able to work in French, German, Italian, Spanish, Dutch, Swedish, Greek and Chinese (Mandarin).
Outside working hours, a member of our team is always available to be contacted on matters of an urgent nature. Contact should be made using the Chambers main number or email.
For our Singapore office, for client enquiries please contact our BD Director, Asia Pacific, Lara Quie and for all other queries please contact Lynn Quek. Out of office hours calls will automatically be diverted to our clerking team in London.
28 Maxwell Road
#02-03 Maxwell Chambers Suites
Singapore 069120
singapore@twentyessex.com
t: +65 62257230
Contact with chambers should be made through the Practice Management Team. They are happy to discuss client requirements and provide further information on such matters as the expertise and experience of individual members, fees, working practices and languages spoken. We have members able to work in French, German, Italian, Spanish, Dutch, Swedish, Greek and Chinese (Mandarin).
Outside working hours, a member of our team is always available to be contacted on matters of an urgent nature. Contact should be made using the Chambers main number or email.
For our Singapore office, for client enquiries please contact our BD Director, Asia Pacific, Lara Quie and for all other queries please contact Lynn Quek. Out of office hours calls will automatically be diverted to our clerking team in London.
28 Maxwell Road
#02-03 Maxwell Chambers Suites
Singapore 069120
singapore@twentyessex.com
t: +65 62257230
ArcelorMittal USA LLC v Essar Steel Limited and others [2019] EWHC 724 (Comm)
The Commercial Court has recently granted a worldwide freezing order (“WFO”) in aid of the enforcement of an arbitration award, even though the award was foreign, the Claimant and Defendant companies were foreign and there were no significant assets within the jurisdiction. In doing so the Court rejected a submission that it “should not become an international policeman”.
The Facts
ArcelorMittal USA LLC (“AMUSA”) obtained an award for payment of US$1.3billion by Essar Steel Limited (“Essar Steel”), following a dispute arising from an agreement for the supply of iron ore pellets. AMUSA is a Delaware company, whilst Essar Steel is a Mauritian company. The tribunal was seated in Minnesota.
AMUSA commenced proceedings in England and obtained permission, under s101 of the 1996 Arbitration Act, to enforce the arbitration award as a judgment of the High Court. It also obtained a WFO against Essar Steel.
The Court’s Reasoning in relation to the WFO
The Court concluded that there was a “solid risk of dissipation of assets” and that it was “just and convenient” to grant the WFO, despite the absence of factors connecting the case with England. It applied the principle that in cases of “international fraud” the English courts should be more willing to intervene. Two points in particular should be noted.
First, the Court held that “international fraud” is not limited to situations where the underlying claim is in deceit or related to the theft of assets, but extends to “serious wrongdoing comprising conduct on a large or repeated scale whereby a company, or the group of which it is a member, is acting in a manner prejudicial to its creditors, and in bad faith”. On the facts, “the attempted dissipation of Essar Steel’s US$1.5billion asset in the face of the commencement of arbitration proceedings” was sufficient in itself to warrant intervention under the international fraud principle.
Second, the Court was prepared to grant the WFO despite evidence that the Mauritian courts could in principle grant WFOs. The Court considered that the Mauritian courts “would not regard the WFO as offensive in some way” and also noted that this was not a case of conflict with any existing order of the Mauritian courts.
Significance
This judgment opens the door for parties seeking to enforce foreign arbitration awards to obtain WFOs from the English courts even where: (1) the case has little or no connection with England; (2) there is no substantive claim for fraud; and (3) the defendant’s home courts could in principle grant WFOs.